Ressurecting Russia's Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ressurecting Russia's Church - Essay Example Following 70 years of continuous religious oppression and the violent spreading of atheism in the Soviet territories, Russia’s Orthodox Church viewed the Soviet collapse as the beginning of its own resurrection. The new process of the Russian Church’s revival led to the serious geographical and territorial shifts in how various religious groups were spread across the Russian territory: as of today, most Russian territories have their own orthodox churches, and the number of peaceful pilgrims constantly grows. In his article, Sergey Schmemann (2009) reviews the process and changes in the state-church relationships in Russia. The purpose of the article is to reconsider the process of the Russia’s church revival in the Soviet territory and to compare the state of church development in the country with the period that immediately followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. Schmemann (2009) chooses the town of Murom as the central object of his analysis – the town the author is familiar with and the town which reflects the basic stages of Russia’s church resurrection on the post-Soviet landscape. Schmemann (2009) provides the detailed description of Murom, its location, geographical features, and history: the town is arrayed on seven hills along Oka’s left bank and used to be one of the most important points of the Russian eastern periphery in the medieval times. Murom is also unique in the sense that more often than not, it was able to withstand and suppress the So viet atheistic pressures; it would be fair to assume that throughout the Soviet era, Murom retained its unique religious atmosphere, with numerous monasteries and myths (Schmemann, 2009). Finally, the choice of Murom for this article is justified by the fact that Juliana Osorin – one of the town’s residents – was canonized in 1604, to persuade the public that holiness was easy to achieve in the family and at home,

Permanent versus Transitory Earnings and Security Valuation

Permanent versus Transitory Earnings and Security Valuation In this study we examine the role of permanent and transitory earnings and cash flows in explaining security r in three major capital markets, UK, USA and France. We hypothesize that the relationship between cash flows and security returns improves when earnings are transitory and this robustness is country specific. The dataset consists of more than 40,000 USA, UK and French firm-year observations over a nine year period. Multivariate statistical regression analysis is undertaken to test the major research hypotheses. Results indicate that when earnings are transitory (not stable), investors pay more attention to cash flows and less attention to earnings, a result indicating that investors penalize firms with unstable earnings. In summary, the evidence provided in this study supports that indeed there are substantial differences in the way investors and financial analysts perceive financial information such as earnings and cash flows in the UK, France and the USA. These results shou ld be of great importance to the major stakeholders such as investors, creditors, financial analysts, especially after the recent global financial crisis and the collapse of giant organizations worldwide. Keywords: Permanent and Transitory Earnings, Capital markets, Earnings, Cash flows, France, Empirical. * Dr. Melita Charitou is an Assistant Professor of Finance and Accounting, University of Nicosia, Cyprus. Address for correspondence: Division of Finance and Economics, School of Business, University of Nicosia, Cyprus, email: [emailprotected] .1. INTRODUCTION Capital markets emphasized to a great extent the value relevance of earnings in the marketplace. The usefulness of earnings has also been examined recently in conjunction with cash flows (Bali et al (2009), Banker et al (2009), Bartov et al., 2001; Charitou et al., 2001, Ball et al., 2000, among others). Empirical research provided evidence to support that earnings are more useful than cash flows in the capital markets. Existing evidence on the association of operating cash flows beyond earnings in explaining security returns has been inconclusive. Furthermore, to date comparative international research on the value relevance of cash flows has been limited. Moreover, researchers argue that when aggregate data is used, it is assumed that the relationship between earnings and cash flows with security returns is homogeneous across firms. It should be noted that this assumption that investors react identically to earnings and cash flows of all firms is not that pragmatic.The present stud y hypothesizes the value relevance of earnings and cash flows is country specific and it depends on the transitoriness of earnings. Earnings persistence studies consistently report that earnings persistence is significantly positively associated with ERC (Easton and Zmijewski, 1989; Donnelly and Walker, 1995; Ali and Zarowin, 1992; Chambers, 2004). Cheng et al. (1996) extended prior studies on this topic and added cash flow variables in their models. They found that the incremental information content of cash flow from operations(CFO) should increase with a decrease in the permanence of earnings. Furthermore, Ali (1994) using non-linear models concluded that earnings, cash flows and working capital from operations(WCFO) have incremental information, which increases the lower are the absolute changes in earnings, cash flows and WCFO respectively. Finally, Ali and Zarowin (1992) show that the more transitory the previous periods earnings are, the greater the increase in the ERC and the expected incremental explanatory power from inclusion of the level variable. According to Cho and Chung (1991) the persistence meas ure used in those studies has 3 limitations: first, although persistence is changing over time, a constant parameter assumption is made which is problematic, especially when estimations are based on annual data for several year time series. Second, a measurement error problem exists, from using time-series reported earnings. Easton and Zmijewski (1989) use revision coefficient avoiding to some extend the latter problem. The third limitation is that persistence as measured by the time series of earnings is a crude proxy for the construct because it contains little economic content. Researchers also extended prior studies in order to examine the value relevance of the permanent and transitory earnings. Cheng et al (1996), Ali (1994), Ali and Zarowin (1992) and Easton and Zmijewski (1989) among others examine the impact of permanent and transitory earnings on the relations between returns and earnings or between returns and cash flows. Ali and Zarowin (1992) concluded that for firms with permanent earnings in the previous period, when the earnings level variable is included in the model, the incremental explanatory power and the increase in Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC) are small. Cheng et al. (1996) investigated whether the incremental information content of cash flows increases when earnings are transitory. Transitory earnings have smaller marginal impact on security returns. Moreover, their results showed that the incremental information content of accounting earnings decreases, and the incremental information content of cash flows increases with a decre ase in the permanence of earnings. Regression analysis was undertaken to test the major hypothesis. A sample of more than 40,000 USA, UK and French firm year observations was used to test the research hypotheses. The major conclusions of the empirical results are summarized as follows. First, regarding our basic proposition which stated that earnings and cash flows are associated with stock prices in USA, UK and France, results indicate that indeed both earnings and cash flows are taken into consideration by investors in their investment decisions. Second, regarding our major hypothesis which stated that the value relevance of earnings and cash flows is country specific and depends on the transitoriness of earnings, results indicate that when earnings are transitory (not stable), investors pay more attention to cash flows and less attention to earnings, a result indicating that investors penalize firms with unstable earnings. In summary, evidence provided in this study supports that indeed there are substantial differences in the way investors and financial analysts perceive financial information such as earnings and cash flows in UK, France and USA and that the value relevance of cash flows depends on the transitoriness of earnings. .2. LITERATURE REVIEW and Hypotheses development. Earnings are of primary importance to managers, because managerial executive compensation contracts are usually based on earnings. Managers select financial reporting methods to maximize the value of their bonus awards through incentives created by bonus schemes. In addition, managers indulge in income smoothing, that is, taking actions to dampen fluctuations in their organizations earnings, as investors pay more for a firm with a smoother income stream (Dechow et al. 2003; Barth et al. 2005). In the past few years there has been an increased interest in the role of earnings and cash flows in explaining security returns. Contextual factors, such as earnings transitoriness, have a common objective. To identify specific circumstances where the value relevance of earnings and cash flows is altered (improves or deteriorates). Using USA data, Freeman and Tse (1992) and Ali (1994) showed that transitory earnings have smaller marginal impact on security returns. Cheng et al (1996) and Charitou et al (2001) extended these studies by hypothesizing that when earnings are transitory, the value relevance of earnings diminishes, whereas the value relevance of cash flows is expected to increase. Earnings transitoriness was measured as the earnings change scaled by the beginning of period price and also by the earnings to price ratio. Extreme values of these measures could be considered as an indication of earnings transitoriness. Transitory items are expected to have limited valuation implications. Examples of transitory items in earnings include current and long-term accruals such as losses due to restructuring, current recognition through asset sales of previous periods increases in market values, one time impact on income from changes in accounting standards. The results of the Cheng et al. (1996) study indicated that a) when level and changes in earnings and cash flows are included in the model, all are value relevant in the marketplace, and b) when earnings are transitory the value relevance of earnings diminishes substantially, and simultaneously the value relevance of cash flows increases. In summary, these results are indeed of great importance since earlier studies assumed that the earnings returns relation is homogeneous across firms. These studies, however, disprove this assumption and indeed show that the value relevance of earnings and cash flows depends on the permanence or transitoriness of these measures. The present study goes a step further to examine whether the value relevance of earnings and cash flows is country specific and whether it depends on the transitoriness of earnings. 2.2 Research HypothesIs Empirical evidence supports that earnings are valued more than cash flows in the marketplace. Extant evidence though on the incremental information content of cash flows beyond earnings in different countries when earnings are transitory has been inconclusive (Barth et al., 2004, Bartov et al., 2001). The inconclusive results in prior studies, and the limited research on this issue provide motivation for this study. The research hypothesis to be tested is: Hypothesis 1: The value relevance of cash flows improves when earnings are transitory, whereas the value relevance of earnings decreases when earnings are transitory. The framework developed thus far suggests that both earnings levels and changes have explanatory power when they are included simultaneously in explaining stock returns. Earning changes are used as a proxy for unexpected earnings, following the assumption that earnings follow a random walk. Based on these arguments, in developing the theoretical framework on the transitoriness of earnings, it is proposed that annual earnings follow an Integrated Moving Average, IMA (1,1) process, which includes both levels and changes, i.e. permits for both transitory and permanent components. IMA was chosen because prior theoretical and empirical evidence shows that annual earnings follow a random walk (Cheng et al., 1996; Easton and Harris, 1991). This hypothesis predicts that the value relevance of earnings decreases when earnings are transitory and therefore, the value relevance of cash flows improves in all three countries when earnings are transitory. The issue of the time permanence of earnings has raised the stimulus in the present study in examining the role of operating cash flows when earnings are transitory. As Cheng, Liu and Schafer (1996) argue, earnings may contain transitory items with limited valuation implications. For example, transitory items that may be included are current and long- term accruals such as losses due to restructuring, current recognition (through asset sales) of increases in market value previously (or currently), one-time impact on income from changes in accounting standards etc. Moreover, because of compensation contracts and debt covenants are often based on reported accounting income, incentives exist for managers to introduce transitory elements in earnings. Dechow (1994) and Charitou et al (2001) also argue that because management has some discretion over the recognition of accruals, this can be used to manipulate earnings. Following Ali and Zarowin (1992) and Cheng, Liu and Schafer (1996), included in the theoretical framework, both levels and changes in order to characterise the unexpected components of earnings, whereas they also include levels and changes of cash flows from operations. This is done in order to test the hypothesis that when earnings are transitory the earnings response coefficients (ERCs) on both levels and changes will have reduced significance in explaining security returns. In this situation the importance of cash flows from operations will be greater. As in Freeman and Tse (1992) and Ali (1994) transitory elements are more likely to be present when unexpected earning values are large relative to price. Hence in the model [58], the coefficients c1t + c2t and c3t+ c4t represent the estimates of the earnings and cash flow response coefficients when earnings are mainly permanent. The coefficients c5t+ c6t and c7t+ c8t capture the additional information content of earnings and cash fl ows for firms with predominantly transitory earnings. It is expected c5t+ c6t to be negative and c7t+ c8t to be positive. In summary, following the aforementioned theoretical framework, I hypothesize that the incremental information content of cash flows from operations is expected to increase as the permanence of earnings decreases (see also Freeman and Tse, 1992; Ali, 1994; and Cheng, Liu and Schafer, 1996. Prior studies that examined earnings transitoriness include Cheng et al (1996) for the USA and Charitou et al (2000) for the UK. Prior studies have not examined the role of the cash flows when earnings are transitory in both Anglo-Saxon and code law countries. 3.0 Research Design 3.1 Dataset All industrial firms that belong in the Manufacturing Industry (SIC 100-4299, 4400-4799), Retail Industry (SIC 5000-5999) and Service Industry (SIC 7000-8999) from the USA, UK and France over the recent nine year period were selected. Industrial firms that had all the information available for the computation of operating cash flows, operating earnings and security returns were included in the sample, resulting in the following firm-year observations for the recent nine year period: USA =36695, UK =4234 and France = 1181. Consistent with prior empirical studies, observations that were regarded as outliers were excluded from the sample, i.e. observations with absolute change in earnings/market value, absolute change in cash flows/market value, earnings/market value and cash flow/market value greater than 150%. Also observations that were in excess of three absolute studentized residuals were considered outliers and were excluded from the sample. These restrictions resulted in approxim ate reduction of the sample size of about 2%, which is consistent with prior empirical studies. Therefore, the final sample size used for regression analysis purposes equals to 35872 firm-year observations for the USA sample, 4178 firm-year observations for the UK sample and 1165 firm-year observations for the French sample. 3.2 Measurement of financial and market variables In order to examine whether investors in UK, USA and France take into consideration in their investment decisions the levels and changes of earnings and cash flows, independent of each other, the following univariate regression model will be used: Univariate (Simple Regression) Model: RETit = b0 + biXi + eI (1) where: Xi: is replaced by: E: Operating Earnings ΔE: Change in operating-earnings CFO: Operating cash flows ΔCFO: Change in operating cash flows. RETit: stock return for firm i measured over a 12-month return interval ending three months after the fiscal-year-end. b0: the intercept term bi: slope coefficient ei: error term In order to test whether both the levels and changes of earnings and cash flows are valued differently in the capital markets, namely in USA, UK and France, the following multivariate regression model will be used: 3.3 Permanent vs transitory earnings models: In order to investigate the role of permanence of earnings, the basic regression model that includes the level and changes of earnings and cash flows will be extended to include additional dummy variables. The following model will be tested: RETit = c0 + c1Eit + c2 Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Eit + c3CFOit + c4 Ã¢â‚¬Å¾CFOit + c5Eit*D + c6 Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Eit*D + c7CFOit*D + c8 Ã¢â‚¬Å¾CFOit*D + eit where RETit= Security returns for the year, Eit = operating earnings CFOit = operating cash flows for firm i in period t,  Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ denotes the change in a variable, eit is the error term for firm i in period t D is a dummy variable taking a value of one when earnings are transitory and zero otherwise. Consistent with Cheng et al. (1996), two alternative definitions are used to determine D. Under one approach, D equals 1 (0) when |  Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Eit/ Pit-1 | is greater than (less than) its yearly cross-sectional median (Ali, 1994). Under the second approach, firms are ranked each year according to their Eit/ Pit-1 , placing firms with positive Eit/ Pit-1 into the first nine groups with equal number of firms per group and firms with negative earnings in the tenth group. Earnings are classified in the bottom two and top two groups as transitory (D=1) and earnings in the middle six groups as permanent (D=0) (Ali and Zarowin, 1992, Charitou et al, 2001). 4.0 EMPIRICAL RESULTS 4.1. Descriptive Statistics Table 1 presents basic descriptive statistics for all the earnings, cash flows and security returns variables examined in the study for all three countries (USA, UK and France) for the recent nine year period. Results indicate the following: a) the mean security return for UK and USA is the highest (0.092 and 0.08, respectively), whereas in France is somewhat lower, 0.055, b) the mean earnings level is higher for UK (0.057) and lowest for USA. For the French dataset the mean of earnings levels is 0.037; c) the mean of the cash flow levels is shown to be the highest for the French dataset (0.184) and lower for UK and USA (0.123 and 0.057, respectively); d) as expected the standard deviation of the levels and changes of cash flows is always higher than the level and changes of earnings in all three countries. These results are consistent with the results provided in prior empirical studies. Moreover, untabultated correlation analysis results indicate that there are no significant corre lations that may possibly affect the results. 4.2. Regression analysis results 4.2.1 Univariate and multivariate regression analysis results on the value relevance of earnings and cash flows for the USA, UK and France. Univariate results presented in table 2 indicate the following. First, as far as the value relevance of earnings is concerned, as expected, the results indicate that both the levels and changes in earnings are positive and statistically significant in all three countries. Interestingly, the size of the levels of earnings and the size of the changes in earnings is approximately equal in all three countries, in spite of the fact that the French financial reporting system is much more conservative. Specifically, the coefficients of the level of earnings are 0.759, 0.767 and 0.793 for the USA, the UK, and France, respectively. The coefficients of the changes in earnings are 0.701, 0.612 and 0.669, for the US, UK and France, respectively. As far as the R2 is concerned, results indicate that French earnings (levels and changes) are more value relevant than the earnings in the USA and the UK, even though the financial reporting system in France in more conservative. The R2 for the level of earnings is 11.20%, 8.80% and 6.70% for France, the UK and the USA. The same ranking applies to the changes in earnings, although the R2 is somewhat lower, indicating that the level of earnings is more value relevant than the changes in earnings. As far as the value relevance of cash flows is concerned, as expected, results indicate that cash flows are value relevant in all three countries. All the coefficients of the levels and changes in cash flows are positive and statistically significant. The size of the coefficients of cash flows as well as the magnitude of the R2 are somewhat higher in the Anglo-Saxon countries, suggesting that cash flows could be less value relevant in France. Moreover, as it was expected the size of the earnings coefficients and the magnitude of the R2 are relatively higher than the equivalent cash flow statistics. These results are consistent with our hypotheses, expectations and consistent with prior empirical evidence. This is due to the fact that earnings are considered more value relevant in the stock markets. 4.2.2 Multivariate regression analysis results for examining the valuation of earnings and cash flows when the earnings are transitory. Hypothesis 1 predicts that the value relevance of earnings decreases when earnings are transitory and thus, the value relevance of cash flows is expected to improve in all three countries when earnings are transitory. The issue of the earnings permanence has raised the stimulus in the present study in examining the role of operating cash flows when earnings are transitory. As Cheng, Liu and Schafer (1996) argue, earnings may contain transitory items with limited valuation implications. For example, transitory items that may be included are accruals such as losses due to restructuring, current recognition through sale of assets of previous periods, increases in market value, one-time impact on income from changes in accounting standards etc. Moreover, because of compensation contracts and debt covenants are usually based on profit, incentives exist for managers to introduce transitory elements in earnings and thus manipulate earnings. Results in Table 3 provide evidence to support hypothesis 1, that is, when earnings are transitory the role of earnings in stock markets decreases and the role of cash flows improves. Consistent with prior studies and with my theoretical framework, I included in my multivariate regression model in Table 3 both the level and changes of earnings and cash flows (Cheng, Liu and Schafer, 1996), in order to characterise the unexpected components of earnings and the unexpected components of cash flows from operations. This is done in order to test the hypothesis that when earnings are transitory the earnings response coefficients on both levels and changes will have reduced significance in explaining security returns. In this situation the importance of cash flows from operations will be greater. Therefore, in the model in Table 3, the coefficients c1t + c2t and c3t+ c4t represent the estimates of the earnings and cash flow response coefficients when earnings are mainly permanent. The coeff icients c5t+ c6t and c7t+ c8t capture the additional information content of earnings and cash flows for firms with predominantly transitory earnings. It is expected that c5t+ c6t to be negative and c7t + c8t to be positive. Specifically, results in Table 3 indicate the following. First, as expected, the sum of the coefficients of earnings (c3+c4) are positive and statistically significant in all three countries, the USA, the UK and France. These results indicate that in all three countries, the earnings are taken into consideration in the valuation of stock prices by security analysts and investors. Second, as expected, the sum of the coefficients of cash flows is positive and statistically significant in all three countries. Again, these results show that cash flows are important to security analysts and investors in the USA, the UK and France for stock valuation purposes. These results are consistent with the results provided thus far in all previous models. Third, the sum of the coefficients of earnings c5+c6 is negative and statistically significant in all three countries, the UK, the USA and France. These results are consistent with my expectations and with my hypothesis. These results mean that wh en earnings are transitory, i.e. when the variation of the earnings compare to stock prices is relatively high (in the present study above its median), then the stock market does not perceive this information as good news and the relative importance of earnings on stock prices decreases. This is measured by the sum of the coefficients of (c1+c2) + (c5+c6). To give an example to make things clearer, let us assume that earnings are stable, not transitory. In that case the effect of earnings on stock prices in the UK will be 5.65 (sum of coefficients of earnings c1+c2). In contrast, when earnings are transitory for a firm in the UK, the effect of earnings on stock prices will not be 5.65 as above, but it will be 5.65 minus 4.933 (b5+b6), which is 0.68 only. So for, stable or permanent earnings firms in the UK the effect of earnings on stock prices is 5.65 whereas for transitory earnings firms the effect of earnings on stock prices in the UK is only 0.68. As far as the USA and France is concerned the results are consistent with the UK results just discussed. Specifically, in the USA results indicate that when earnings are permanent the effect of earnings on stock prices is 5.88 (c1+c2), but when earnings are transitory (not permanent), then the effect of earnings on stock prices is only 1.08 (i.e. 5.88 minus 4.8 or c1+c2 minus c5+c6). Results in France also support the results of the UK and the USA. French results in Table 20 indicate that when earnings are permanent, the effect of earnings on stock prices is 5.66 (c1+c2), but when earnings are transitory (not permanent), then the effect of earnings on stock prices is only 1.15 (ie., 5.66 minus 4.51 or c1+c2 minus c5+c6). Fourth, as hypothesised, results in Table 3 support that the cash flow variables are taken into consideration by investors in investment decisions. Specifically, the sum of the coefficients of cash flows c3+c4 is positive and statistically significant in all three countries. For example, in the UK it is 0.15, in the USA it is 0.095 and in France is 0.18. These results are consistent with the results provided thus far in all previous models and hypotheses. Fifth, as hypothesised, results in Table 3 support that when earnings are transitory, investors and security analysts in the UK and the USA pay more attention to cash flows. This is evidenced by the sum of the coefficients of cash flows c7+c8. For example, in the UK when earnings are transitory, stock prices are affected more by 0.03 (c7+c8) from changes in cash flows. Similarly, in the USA, when earnings are transitory, stock prices are affected by 0.02 more from changes in cash flows. These results are very interesting because they show that in Anglo-Saxon countries such as the USA and the UK, investors do pay additional attention to cash flows because they do know that earnings are of lower value when they are transitory. On the other hand, consistent with prior evidence in previous models and tables of this study, French analysts and investors pay more attention to earnings because their code law system make financial reporting in France much more conservative, and thus the varia bility of earnings is not that high as the variability of earnings in the UK and the USA. Sixth, in all countries examined, results support that the model is statistically significant and the variation of stock returns as explained by the R2 is 15.6 in the UK, 12.8 in the USA and 17.2% in France. In summary, results presented in Table 3 support my hypothesis that when earnings are transitory (not permanent), investors pay less attention to earnings and more attention to cash flows. 5.0 Conclusions Consistent with our hypotheses and our expectations, these results indicate that earnings and cash flow information is country specific, that is investors and financial analysts pay different attention to earnings and cash flows depending on the country under investigation and on whether earnings are transitory or permanent. Specifically, results indicate that earnings and cash flows are perceived differently by investors, depending on the country to which they belong. When earnings are transitory, investors in Anglo-Saxon countries penalize more these firms because the effect of earnings on stock returns is much more negative (c5+c6= -4.933 and -4.8 for UK and USA, respectively, whereas it is only -4.51 for France). The results of this study have practical implications as well and should be of great importance to the major stakeholders such as investors, creditors, financial analysts, especially with the latest events that are taking place, and the major collapses of giant organizations worldwide such as Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, among others. Regulatory bodies, investors, financial analysts and the financial press, blamed among others, the possible manipulation of financial information supplied to the investors by these organizations. The question raised, is whether this type of information is taken into consideration by investors in their investment decisions.

The sandinista Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

During the forty-three year Somoza dictatorship a revolution was proved inevitable. During the period of the Somoza regime many conflicts between the government and the people arose. Some of these conflicts were mainly with the National Guard, but in 1978 conflicts hit its climax. In 1978, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, a salient newspaper editor and leader to the Somoza opposition was assassinated; it is believed that by one of Somoza’s business man. This mans death gave a deep feeling of commotion throughout the country, establishing a nation wide strike against the Somoza government. The National Guard responded to the attacks by assassinating many civilians and violating many others rights. On August 1978, a Sandinista Commando (headed by Eden Pastora) seized control of the national palace,...

Power of a smile Essay

Did you know that many who have tried, but failed, to commit suicide, said that if some stranger had just acknowledged their humanity with a smile, they would have changed their mind? I am going to be talking about the power of a smile A smile does not only have the power to save lives but also has the ability to change someone’s actions if given to the right person at the right time A famous quote by Charles Chaplin is â€Å"You’ll find that life is worth while, if you just smile.† A smile is also contagious, a lot like kindness. When someone is kind to a particular person- that person then feels motivated to be kind towards others also. Smiling works in the same way. Evidence to this is a famous quote by an unknown author; â€Å"Smiling is contagious, you catch it like the flu. When someone smiled at me today, I started smiling too. I passed around the corner, and someone saw my grin. When he smiled I realised, I’d passed it onto him. I thought about that smile, the I realised it’s worth. A single smile, just like mine, could travel round the earth.† In conclusion, the most powerful aspect of a smile is that a smile itself is the most powerful human quality. It represents happiness, kindness and compassion and can give someone hope. A smile is defined as turning up the corners of your mouth to show an expression of happiness. Though really a smile has the hidden power to change lives. From saving someone’s life to simply cheering them up. We should all smile more often, after all its free and the best thing someone can wear.

Competency Statement to Support Social and Emotional Development and to Provide Positive Guidance

Social Development and Emotional Development goes hand and hand. They are closely related . Social development refers to the young child feelings about himself or herself, the people in his or her life, and the environment in which they play and lives. Emotional developments color the experience of every young child mood. At our center we provide social and emotional security for each child. I help each child to know, accept and take pride in him or herself and to develop a sense of independence. In our preschool class we treat each child as an individual. All children have different rates of development and different personalities. As a teacher I show the children that I am very concern about them and their feeling and this helps children during their discuss times. Every morning I greet the child and their parent, I receive and give hugs too each child upon arriving and departure. In my classroom I respond quickly and calmly when children are having a disagreement, children tend to look too the teacher to help solve the disagreement. Responding quickly also help children from hurting other. (For example; John and Bob were playing car, at the block center, John wanted the car that Bob had bob would let John see the car so John took the car from Bob and hit him. I went over to John and said your friend is sad because you hit him and took his car, we do not treat our friends like that we have too learn too share and keep our hand by our side, and do you remember the book we read about hitting our friends and how that makes they sad. Also John you must learn too use you words â€Å"my turn please†. When children are unhappy because something has change in their life I like too find a book too read too cheer them up. Their were two best friends but one had to moved too another school. The friend that was left was so sad so I asked the class too share ideas of things that we could do too cheer him up. The children wanted me too read a book; I read a book about Feeling, as I read I was pointing at the different facial expression. I encourage the class too draw pictures that reflect the boys feeling and picture that would cheer him up Sharing is something we practice everyday what ever they are playing with becomes mines, mines and mines my class has a hard time sharing to encourages sharing we play lots of activities with four at each tables, for instance we do board games, art activities, we pair up and share a book, table tubs, outside we take turn riding the bikes, and sharing the balls. It is important that we use all of our resources to develop our children social and emotional skill teaching them how to interact and share with other peers.

Justice for Socrates and Augustine

Justice for Socrates and Augustine People define justice differently according to their understanding of the situation in question. Most people confuse justice and punishment (Lyons 16). The idea behind it is that two mistakes can provide a solution which implies that a tooth for a tooth and an eye for an eye. I suppose that justice is fair treatment and acting fairly in all situations that one may come across. To get a more precise definition, justice is the course or action which will restore balance to a situation (Augustine 34).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Justice for Socrates and Augustine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the discussion, how different philosophers define justice and how they propose on how it should be handled by different groups of people is extremely valuable (Dockendorf 24). For that case, we take two most identified philosophers who are Socrates and Augustine. The two scholars gave their definitions of justice basing on different perspectives but all pointing towards the same direction in giving fairness to people. For many years, people have defined justice in various ways. Plato’s work has given records on Socrates views on justice. This gives us the ability to read and understand the Socrates way of thinking toward justice. According to Socrates, justice was just good, and it could only be reached through self knowledge. He claimed that unanimous good existed and each and every person had the ability to find the good. When philosophers analyzed the justice issue, they discussed and gave their results as justice being good. This is according to Plato’s Republic first two books. Then they also looked at the opposite of justice as evil. For a person to be seen as just, he or she ought to be a good person and the crucial question here is to know what good is. Kealy indicates that good can be what is necessary, lacked or desired (Lyons 27). Socrates comes in on the same note and says that they are natural requirements but not what a person feels that he needs. A person’s nature is the daimon (the person’s inner self which seeks fulfillment). Logically the good preferred since it fulfills a person’s nature and Socrates indicate that the hunt for happiness is the normal objective in life. When I look at the word good, and the definition it leaves me puzzled. What may seem good to me might be worst to another person (Dockendorf 39). This justifies the saying that â€Å"one man’s meat is another man’s poison.† Every individual is just unique on his or her own way. The daimon of one person is much different from the other person’s daimon. Basing on this factor, Kealy proposes that one should identify his or her own potential (Augustine 43). Somebody’s ideas should not be followed to determine what is good for him or herself. This must be done considering Knowledge Next (Lyons 35). Socrates explained the idea an d notes that knowledge directs one to good and knowledge itself is good.Advertising Looking for report on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This indicates that self knowledge directs one to knowledge of differentiating between evil and good. It is only through the understanding that one can avoid committing evil deeds. One can only commit wrong if he or she is ignorant in his own actions (Augustine 48). According to Socrates knowledge is a virtue and on the reverse is ignorance. In this case, I can cite for major virtues courage, justice, temperance and piety. All these virtues can be drawn back to knowledge. Justice can be achieved after understanding what is good and what is evil. The search for happiness can be done from good deeds but not evil. In fact, evil will results to the opposite of happiness. So when evil does not exist happiness will prevail (Augustine 50). This can be supported by observing an ill person go to seek medical attention from the caregivers. When compared with a man who never gets sick, it is obvious that an ailment free person is always happy than a treated man. Then basing on this comparison Socrates argues that the cure for the crime (evil) is punishment and justice enforces that punishment. In this relation, the ill free person is happier than the treated person (Lyons 37). So the person, who never did wrong, will always be happy while the wrong doer gets the punishment for his misdeeds. Then he identifies the next person who lives an evil life and does not recognize the punishment. This person is similar to a child who avoids medicine to cure his or her illness which is justice (Augustine 56). Later on the child acquires blindness due to ignorance. This child is the same as the person who commits evil and avoids getting punishment. The same behavior may continue which in turn prolongs the punishment and suffering (Dockendorf 46). Socrates proposes that t here is no need of living with unjust souls. The just souls are more important than all the possessions of the earth. He also proposes that if any person realizes that he has committed evil, he should run to the judge and get justice. If he waits for any longer, then he will be increasing the length of suffering. So it is better treating the illness earlier than later, because it would not be chronic then. According to Socrates, it is good to do just to friends when they are good to us. Then we should harm the enemies when they do evil to us. He identifies that doing evil is harmful than receiving evil or harm (Augustine 58). Doing justice may be internal; on the contrary, doing harm is unjust while a just man will never harm another. In conclusion, Socrates means that no person should harm another because it is more important to live a just life. In his view, a just soul of a poor person is far much better than a rich man’s soul who got his wealth through unjust means.Advert ising We will write a custom report sample on Justice for Socrates and Augustine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Saint Augustine was a God fearing person who lived in the Roman Empire. As a man of God, he worked hard to fulfill the requirements of His creator. The most prominent of these requirements was providing justice for all people (Augustine 60). This was to set a good example for the forth coming generations to follow the correct footsteps. In his live Augustine had a soul that sought the will of God so as to live that was full true human character. In his opinion, he defined justice in the concepts of desire and the will of God (Dockendorf 49). He imagined of an anthropology which gave God a central and primary influence. So he could not foresee true justice lacking the essential element of God (Augustine 64). He gives us his discussion of justice and a society that is just through the City of God in Greek Language. Augustin e makes use of the Bible quoting from different books in justifying his opinions. For example, he quotes from Habakkuk that a just person is comparable to the justice of God who controls his obedient city in respect of his own grace. Form these, it tells us that a just person will always live by his Christian faith (Lyons 39). In Augustine’s view, this should be like that faith which is lively in Christian love. This love should be the love of God alone then the love for neighbors’ just like him or herself. Justice can also be seen as the respect of God through following the rule of love from the Bible. The just individual (par excellence) is an individual whose faith results from the (caritas) which is love of God and others (Lyons 47). In the City of God peoples, relationship to justice is just secondary sense in Augustine’s view justice is mainly about God. To be more precise in occasions where God does not receive His due then He has been subjected to injust ice. Justice starts and ends with Christian adoration, devotion and the love of God. In respect of God, there can be no justice without Christ (Augustine 70). The reason behind this is that Jesus Christ lived without sin, and He is truly the only just man who is a measure of justice. Augustine did not restrict himself on spiritual mediation alone. He performed the role of a magistrate by himself (Dockendorf 56). Whenever there was a conflict, he reasoned out transforming much deeper wisdom, from the Bible and Christ (Augustine 78). He applied a good example of the woman who committed adultery and Jesus told her to go and never sin any more. This is to signify that God has justice for everybody but does not give anybody chance to continue sinning.Advertising Looking for report on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justice as defined by both Socrates and Augustine point towards the same direction although from different perspectives. According to Socrates justice is good as seen by a person and evil as understood by the person. To be able to identify good and evil one requires knowledge (Dockendorf 66). This knowledge helps one to see if good verify evil or good. He proposes that if one realizes that he has done evil he should run for justice (punishment) (Lyons 59). The highest person who gives punishment is the Judge, from Socrates point of view. Socrates states that justice should not wait; it should be done immediately to avoid increasing the suffering (Augustine 75). St. Augustine, on the other hand, believes that Jesus Christ is the only just man and justice prevails when a society relies on God. Justice comes through faith and love for oneself and others. The highest person as regarded by ST. Augustine is only God. Justice can never prevail without God in the midst (Lyons 70). In all th e definitions of justice, we find that human being is obviously just to others. For justice to prevail, it requires that all people must keep to their correct sides, and whenever one makes a mistake he should seek justice. Dockendorf, Luc. Socrates,Virginia. West Virginia University, 1996. Print Lyons, David. Ethics and the Rule of Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print St. Augustine. Confessions IV. New York: Long Horn publishers, 2008. Print

3 Tips to Write Your Stanford Roommate Essay

3 Tips to Write Your Stanford Roommate Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you preparing your college application for Stanford University? If so, you’ve probably heard about theStanford roommate essay, which you must complete as part of your application.The Stanford roommate essay is a unique essay that asks every applicant to write a letter to their future roommate. In this article, we’ll talk about what the Stanford roommate essay is, show several Stanford roommate essay examples, and offer tips for making your response stand out from the thousands of other Stanford applicants. What Is the Stanford Roommate Essay? The Stanford roommate essay is one of the four essays you must write as part of your Stanford University college application. Let’s take a look at the actual text for this essay question: â€Å"Virtually all of Stanford's undergraduates live on campus. Write a note to your future roommate that reveals something about you or that will help your roommate- and us- know you better.† The Stanford letter to roommate prompt has a minimum of 100 words and a maximum of 250 words. Other than that, there are no specific guidelines for how you should complete the question. What Is the Stanford Roommate Essay Question Asking (And Why)? Since Stanford doesn’t give any specific examples of what they’re looking for in responses to the Stanford roommate essay prompt, you might be wondering what you should write about for the question and why they’re asking in it the first place. The Stanford roommate essay is definitely unique - and you should take that as license to write about topics you otherwise wouldn’t in your college application. The admissions committee includes this prompt to get an idea of what you’re like with your peers, as well as how you’ll fit in with Stanford’s student body. This prompt is an opportunity to show a different side of you than the rest of your application. The question isn’t concerned with your plentiful extracurricular achievements or spotless academic record; rather, it’s asking about what you do after you’re finished studying or practicing. What do you like to do when you’re just relaxing? How you spend your free time? How do you interact with your peers? What are the quirks that make you, you? Asking this question gives the admissions committee a better picture of the whole you, rather than just the student who will be attending class. This essay question is a great opportunity to talk about unique aspects of your personality and interests that weren’t showcased on the rest of your application. If you have a special talent for, say, racking up quadra-kills in League of Legends, this essay is the time to share that. If you've always wanted to write about your love for video games, your Stanford roommate essay is the time and place to do so. Stanford Roommate Essay Examples, Analyzed Stanford roommate essays look very different than other types of college application essays. It’s not often that you read about a student’s aptitude for a frog impression or their addition to Bubble Trouble in a college essay. Let’s take a look at two different Stanford roommate essay examples (both of which resulted in admission to Stanford) and see what made them stand out. Stanford Roommate Essay Example #1 Dear Future Roommate, First things first: my Starburst is our Starburst. Feel free to grab some (but don't touch the lemon) off my desk whenever. I hope this works the other way around too. I have my own quirks as do most people. For starters, I can do a hyper-realistic frog impression. (Don't worry, I'll chase out any frogs that happen to hop inside.) Also, I prefer socks and sandals over sneakers because I like having a breeze around my toes. You'll often find me reading old issues of Model Airplane News or munching on weirdly delicious food combos such as strawberries and black pepper. I hum minor-key Bach fugues while studying but sing Disney songs in the shower. I can probably make you groan with terrible interdisciplinary science jokes. For example, what happens when a mosquito bites a mountain climber? Nothing; vectors cannot cross scalars. Beethoven is my jam and l often subconsciously start humming along to his symphonies. I may even start trumpeting "BAAA DAA DAA DUMMMM" when the brass comes in. If I start humming or trumpeting while you're studying for your o-chem final, tell me and I'll stop. If you don't mind biking out on 3AM donut runs (lemon cream filled is my favorite, by the way), we'll get along just fine. Here's to four years of groaning over p-sets and doing everything we can to keep fun alive, even if it appears to be on life support during finals week. This Stanford roommate essay example comes to us by way of Reddit user u/ChunkySpaghettiSauceChunkySpaghettiSauce wrote this essay as part of his 2016 Stanford application. He was accepted to Stanford. Let’s take a look at what makes this essay great. First of all, the writer includes very specific details that make him easily identifiable and relatable. After reading this essay, you get a great idea of what the student would be like as a roommate. You can picture him having an open bowl of Starburst on his desk and storing his bike at the foot of his bed. Above all, your Stanford roommate essay should paint a full picture of you as a person. This essay does an excellent job of describing the writer holistically; in addition to talking about his academic interests, it shows what he’s like after the problem sets are completed and the homework is turned in. The juxtaposition of the phrase â€Å"four years of groaning over p-sets† with â€Å"everything we can to keep fun alive† shows that the student will work hard, but also take part in the rest of Stanford’s campus life, too. The writer peppers in specific examples, such as his favorite flavor of donut, which add believability and personality to the essay. By the time you’re finished reading it, you get the feeling that this essay couldn’t have been written by anyone else but it’s original author. Want to get into Stanford or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Stanford Roommate Essay #2 TO MY FUTURE ROOMMATE: IF YOU HAVE EVER- l. Kidnapped your best friend at 3:00 a.m. with a bunch of buddies and taken him/her for an emergency milkshake run? 2. Made snow angels in the nude on the school ski trip when it’s 0 degrees outside? 3. Told tourists that if they â€Å"pee in the ocean,† they’ll attract great white sharks? 4. Re-enacted Monty Python and the Holy Grail in its entirety before your history class? 5. Taken apart your broken MP3 because you are sure that you can fix it? 6. In the middle of the summer, dressed up in all of your ski clothes, gone to the nearest 7-Eleven to buy ice blocks and joined your friends to slide down the nearest grassy hill, all the while complaining how cold it is? OR l. Memorized the first half of Whitman’s Song of Myself, because there was nothing better to do? 2. Spent three days arguing with your friends about the socio-political ramifications of the word â€Å"Chick?† 3. Stayed up until 5:00 a.m. because the conclusion of your English paper just wasn’t right? 4. Received a parking ticket because you had to respond to a piece of racist graffiti in a public bathroom? 5. Spent the entire day at a cafe re-reading a book by your favorite author? 6. When you were a second grader, explained to a classmate’s mother why you thought screaming at her kid was inappropriate while she threatened to spank you for being so insolent- THEN WE’RE GOING TO GET ALONG JUST FINE! This Stanford roommate essay example comes to us by way of a Huffington Post blog. You can tell right away that this essay isn’t your normal college application essay. The writer is playing around with structure, tone, and voice. The Stanford roommate essay is a great place to break from traditional essay rules. You don’t need five fleshed out paragraphs here. You can write in a way that feels authentic to you as an applicant. Remember, this essay is written to your roommate, not to your parents or your teachers. You talk differently to people your own age than you do to people of different ages. Your writing should reflect that. Another thing that this essay achieves is specificity. Each of the incidents that the writer describes are vivid and real. Instead of saying that he or she â€Å"works hard on an English paper,† the author describes staying up until 5:00 a.m. to correct the assignment. Instead of saying that he or she loves spending time with friends, the essay describes a specific incident that perfectly illustrates that point. Being specific adds authenticity to your work and fleshes you out as a person. Finally, the author does a masterful job of peppering in information about his or her habits as a student in a fun and playful way. For instance, the anecdote about taking apart the MP3 player indicates curiosity, a trait highly prized by the Stanford admissions committee. Similarly, the anecdote about staying up late to finish an English paper shows that the student works very hard and cares about grades and the quality of submitted assignments. Potential Topics for Your Stanford Roommate Essay We know what your Stanford letter to roommate essay shouldn’t be: a long-winded, formal recollection of your greatest achievements as a high school student.But what should you write about?Let’s take a look at potential topics for your Stanford roommate essay. #1: Your Unique Quirks Your Stanford roommate essay is a great time to show off your unique quirks. Do you do 30 pull-ups before going to bed each night? Meditate each morning? Always slightly undercook your cookies? Whatever the quirk, the Stanford roommate essay is a great place to share it. Bonus points if it’s funny! Don’t just think about the quirk itself, but the motivation behind it: do you do 30 pull-ups because you’re looking to increase your strength to try out for college intramural sports? Do you undercook your cookies because your grandma always did it that way? Adding that extra spin to the description helps to round you out and gives an extra opportunity to share about your interests and motivations. #2: Your Relationship With Your Peers The admissions committee wants to get a sense of how you’ll fit in on Stanford’s campus. Not just in the academic classes, but in the overall community as well. The Stanford roommate essay is a great place to share about your relationships with people your age. You can talk about how you interact with your classmates. Maybe you formed a relationship with another student who you always stayed late after band to practice with. Or maybe you formed a homework club with other students who also sucked at Latin. You can also talk about how you interact with your friends. You can share funny stories about ordering too much food while going out to eat or how you guys always get front row seats for the latest Marvel movie. Remember, the examples you pick should show that you’re a well-rounded and fun person. If the rest of your application talks all about your academic achievements, talk about something different in your Stanford roommate essay. #3: Your Favorite Things to Do Just for You The rest of your Stanford application will indicate your academic and extracurricular achievements. This essay is a great place to show what you do for you. Maybe you spend every Friday night building out a new board game or write fanfiction on Tumblr. Maybe you’re teaching yourself Photoshop or like watching YouTube videos about photographers. Maybe you read lots of fitness blogs and are chasing a new marathon PR, even if you don’t run track on your school’s team. Maybe you just watch a lot of Netflix. Whatever you like to do for fun, the Stanford roommate essay is a great place to share it. Talk about how you spend your down time and what you like to do to relax. Tips for Writing Your Stanford Roommate Essay While your Stanford letter to roommate essay can and should look different than the responses of your peers, there are certain tips you can keep in mind when completing the assignment to ensure that you produce the highest quality essay possible. #1: Be Specific Your Stanford roommate essay should paint a very specific and vivid portrait of who you are as a person. The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your Stanford roommate essay is your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Stanford wants you to be. The more details you can add, the more real you’ll seem. #2: Be Real Don’t worry about sounding impressive in your Stanford roommate essay. The admissions committee isn’t expecting every student to spend their time Googling strategies for world peace or outlining their best-selling novel, unless that’s what you’re actually doing. Don’t try to make yourself seem more important than you actually are (unless, of course, you are spending hours outlining your best-selling novel). If you try to make things up to sound better, you’ll come across as phony and insincere. The admissions committee would much rather read about the real you - the one who spent 20 hours capturing every nearby creature in Pokemon Go - than a made-up person who you think the admissions committee wants to see. #3: Proofread It should almost go without saying, but you want to make sure your Stanford roommate essay is the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Stanford application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Stanford roommate essay, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Remember, even though your Stanford roommate essay should be fun, it still needs to be well-written. What’s Next? Wondering what a good SAT score is?Check out our post on how to set your goal scorebased on the schools you want to get into. Wondering what you should do to make your application stand out even more?Check out thisguide to four amazing extracurricular activitiesand learn why they're so important to colleges. Trying to decide between taking community college classes and AP classes? Wondering which one looks better on college applications? Readour guide for a complete overview of both. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Understanding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Understanding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Heisenbergs uncertainty principle is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, but it is often not deeply understood by those who have not carefully studied it. While it does, as the name suggests, define a certain level of uncertainty at the most fundamental levels of nature itself, that uncertainty manifests in a very constrained way, so it doesnt affect us in our daily lives. Only carefully constructed experiments can reveal this principle at work.   In 1927, the German physicist Werner Heisenberg put forth what has become known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (or just uncertainty principle or, sometimes, Heisenberg principle). While attempting to build an intuitive model of quantum physics, Heisenberg had uncovered that there were certain fundamental relationships which put limitations on how well we could know certain quantities. Specifically, in the most straightforward application of the principle: The more precisely you know the position of a particle, the less precisely you can simultaneously know the momentum of that same particle. Heisenberg Uncertainty Relationships Heisenbergs uncertainty principle is a very precise mathematical statement about the nature of a quantum system. In physical and mathematical terms, it constrains the degree of precision we can ever talk about having about a system. The following two equations (also shown, in prettier form, in the graphic at the top of this article), called the Heisenberg uncertainty relationships, are the most common equations related to the uncertainty principle: Equation 1: delta- x * delta- p is proportional to h-barEquation 2: delta- E * delta- t is proportional to h-bar The symbols in the above equations have the following meaning: h-bar: Called the reduced Planck constant, this has the value of the Plancks constant divided by 2*pi.delta-x: This is the uncertainty in position of an object (say of a given particle).delta-p: This is the uncertainty in momentum of an object.delta-E: This is the uncertainty in energy of an object.delta-t: This is the uncertainty in time measurement of an object. From these equations, we can tell some physical properties of the systems measurement uncertainty based upon our corresponding level of precision with our measurement. If the uncertainty in any of these measurements gets very small, which corresponds to having an extremely precise measurement, then these relationships tell us that the corresponding uncertainty would have to increase, to maintain the proportionality. In other words, we cannot simultaneously measure both properties within each equation to an unlimited level of precision. The more precisely we measure position, the less precisely we are able to simultaneously measure momentum (and vice versa). The more precisely we measure time, the less precisely we are able to simultaneously measure energy (and vice versa). A Common Though the above may seem very strange, theres actually a decent correspondence to the way we can function in the real (that is, classical) world. Lets say that we were watching a race car on a track and we were supposed to record when it crossed a finish line. We are supposed to measure not only the time that it crosses the finish line but also the exact speed at which it does so. We measure the speed by pushing a button on a stopwatch at the moment we see it cross the finish line and we measure the speed by looking at a digital read-out (which is not in line with watching the car, so you have to turn your head once it crosses the finish line). In this classical case, there is clearly some degree of uncertainty about this, because these actions take some physical time. Well see the car touch the finish line, push the stopwatch button, and look at the digital display. The physical nature of the system imposes a definite limit upon how precise this can all be. If youre focusing on try ing to watch the speed, then you may be off a bit when measuring the exact time across the finish line, and vice versa. As with most attempts to use classical examples to demonstrate quantum physical behavior, there are flaws with this analogy, but its somewhat related to the physical reality at work in the quantum realm. The uncertainty relationships come out of the wave-like behavior of objects at the quantum scale, and the fact that its very difficult to precisely measure the physical position of a wave, even in classical cases. Confusion about the Uncertainty Principle Its very common for the uncertainty principle to get confused with the phenomenon of the observer effect in quantum physics, such as that which manifests during the Schroedingers cat thought experiment. These are actually two completely different issues within quantum physics, though both tax our classical thinking. The uncertainty principle is actually a fundamental constraint on the ability make precise statements about the behavior of a quantum system, regardless of our actual act of making the observation or not. The observer effect, on the other hand, implies that if we make a certain type of observation, the system itself will behave differently than it would without that observation in place. Books on Quantum Physics and the Uncertainty Principle: Because of its central role in the foundations of quantum physics, most books that explore the quantum realm will provide an explanation of the uncertainty principle, with varying levels of success. Here are some of the books which do it the best, in this humble authors opinion. Two are general books on quantum physics as a whole, while the other two are as much biographical as scientific, giving real insights into the life and work of Werner Heisenberg: The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics by James KakaliosThe Quantum Universe by Brian Cox and Jeff ForshawBeyond Uncertainty: Heisenberg, Quantum Physics, and the Bomb by David C. CassidyUncertainty: Einstein, Heisenberg, Bohr, and the Struggle for the Soul of Science by David Lindley

Reporting for the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reporting for the Media - Essay Example state if extension was granted and the revised Submission Date)    I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/studying/integrity.asp Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. Sign (or type name): Vandiappan Thevar Date:14th Feb 2011 Contents Page Part A: Practical Exercise 3 i) News Story 3 ii) â€Å"On-Air† Report 6 Part B: Discussion Paper 8 Appendices 10 Part A: Practical Exercise i) News Sto ry Stanley â€Å"Artgerm†, the Ultramodern Artist Staff reporter: Mr Vandiappan Thevar Finding true talent that can transform the world of media and entertainment is difficult to find. In our recent interview1 with Stanley â€Å"Artgerm† Lau, from Imaginary Friends Studios (I.F.S), new and truly defined talent was found. Our interview took place in the studios in Singapore, a place that is now growing into the arts center of the world and is providing new and innovative support for artists and creative individuals alike. Lau is one of the most well – known cartoonists and comic drawers for Imaginary Friends Studios. His exposure from this company is one that is based on the growing trends in Asia that the community continues to support. Lau prides himself with his artistic approach to comics as well as his interest in creativity that is able to give a message to others who are interested in the up and coming entertainment of the next generation. . Mr. Lau autogr aphing his art piece Lau pointed out that regional artists are community oriented, available to help and are interested in the comics and cartoon field. It is this mentality that allowed him to change from being an artist as a passion to turning it into a career field. This is one option that most would have not recognized 20 years ago, but with young innovators such as Lau, there is a new set of opportunities available to grow into an artist that becomes more than a hobby. Lau stated that the community and opportunity to develop into a career is what has helped to inspire him to move forward with drawing and to feel pushed into bettering his art. He also noted that his creativity is one that he has linked to his desire to make his own discoveries of the outer world and the ability to create symbolism and creativity, while defining innovation through his ideas. This is one of the ways in which the cartoons are able to present new ideas that create trends and new ideals with creativi ty. Even though Lau has noted that there is continuous support from the community, there is also recognition that comics and cartoons create a diverse set of responses from individuals as well as growing competition in the field. The continuing competition is one that makes the critics stronger, specifically in areas such as Singapore. However, there isn’

Ethical issue in Marketing related to Advertising Essay

Ethical issue in Marketing related to Advertising - Essay Example According to the research findings there are numerous advertising media including the traditional television, radio, newspapers, mail and billboards, and the postmodern computer based internet advertisement channels including email, blogs, websites, programs and search engines among others. The increased number of advertising channels and methods of collecting data for advertising have pushed advertising ethics even further, and an advertiser has to be keen not to cross the line between ethical and unethical. In addition, personalised advertising that exploits various approaches to data mining is so effective that the persuasive and exploitative aspects of advertising have become a matter of serious concern to various stakeholders. This has been linked to the ethical aspects of consumer privacy that has resulted in the enactment of policies that provide guidelines on online data collection and use. However, these policies aim at forcing advertisers to do no harm, and advertisers have to decide if they just want to avoid harming consumers, or they would want to do some public good too. The Advertising Standards Authority controls the content of advertisements in the United Kingdom, and the town and county planning system controls the content of outdoor advertisements. However, enforcement of advertising ethics goes beyond these bodies and extends to numerous independent consumer protection groups, and before advertising, a business entity has to predict the response that the advertisement is likely to elicit from these regulators. However, the regulators’ definitions of ethics are too broad, and the advertiser is largely responsible for the contents of advertisements (Hunt and Vitell, 2006: 150). Advertisement ethics is determined by the effects of the advertisement on the human, cultural, social, economic and political consequences of an advertisement on society. The aim of this term paper is to discuss the concept of marketing ethics as it relates to ad vertising. Background Information Common Advertising Media Advertising is the first communication between a firm and its prospective customers; therefore, the firm must do a decent job of it in order to have an impact and increase the likelihood of adverts translating to increased sales. Therefore, an advertisement must be designed create awareness, knowledge, liking, preference and conviction in a potential customer in order for him or her to make a purchase. Advertisers have always exploited the available media to the greatest extent, such that advertising accounts for a big portion of a firm’s expenditure. Traditional advertisements like radio are still in use today, though their use is reducing due to the emergence of more effective technologies that combine both the audio and visual components of advertisements (Kelley et al., 2011). Compared to other senses, visual reception causes the most impact on a person’

Uses of Bt insect resistance in agriculture Essay

Uses of Bt insect resistance in agriculture - Essay Example Uses of Bt insect resistance in agriculture This remarkable finding which happened in 1911 was not the first time Bt went under close inspection; in the Far East, ten years before, a Japanese scientist who was investigating the almost instantaneous death of silkworms first discovered it. More than a century has now passed since Bt's discovery, and for more than half of it, Bt has been used as a natural insecticide, being sprayed onto crops. (Shelton 2008) But just how does Bt work in the first place' Unlike Dichlorodiphenyltricloroethane, which has been known to be a three-letter acronym for the words notorious killer because of its infamousness in inflicting damage to organisms it should not, Bt is not a contact poison. Bt has to be eaten first before it can poison any unsuspecting insect. B. thuringiensis has spores which contain crystal proteins or cry proteins. When ingested by an insect, the active insecticidal crystal protein or (ICP) breaks down in the insect's gut and releases a toxin called delta-endotoxin. This delta-endotoxin then reacts with certain receptors on the intestinal lining and makes pores causing the leakage of its contents and paralyzation of the insect's digestive system resulting to insect death. The killing is a slow process that may take hours or even days. (Shelton 2008) However, it must be noted that because of the paralysis of the insect’s digestive system, the insect soon stops eating. Immediately dead or not, the goal of saving the crops fr om mass mastication of unwanted living forms is definitely achieved. (Office of Biotechnology at Iowa State University 2008) Bt may not be as fast a killer as the conventional insecticides are, but in this ever health conscious world, speed is not the only thing to consider. Synthetic insecticides such as those whose active ingredient is DDT have been banned in many countries and for a number of good reasons. And it is because of such reasons why many farmers choose Bt over it; human safety, of course, is the primary concern. (Bassein 2008) As mentioned, Bt has been used for more than 50 years now as an effective insecticide. So far, there are no reports of it harming anyone. And the underlying reason according to experts is the fact that Bt toxins are toxic only to certain insects; truly, this is good news for bees and beekeepers alike. The rationale' The receptors which are present in the insects' guts are not found in most other organisms, in mammals, and most importantly, in humans. (Federal Ministry of Education and Research 2008) The different strains of B. thuringiensis produce different delta-endotoxins, each "catering" to a specific order of insect. The most common of Bt's cry proteins are those that belong to the Cry1 class which are toxic to lepidopterous insects (e.g. moths such as the European corn borer, butterflies). It is also the most active ingredient in most Bt-based commercial insecticides today. Other proteins belong to the Cry2 class which unlike their Cry1 counterparts, produce a single, smaller crystal per cell. This class is toxic to insects belonging in both the Lepidoptera and Diptera (e.g. flies and mosquitoes) orders. There is also the Cry3 class which poisons the coleopterous (e.g. beetles like the

Rerum Novarum, especially its treatment of Socialism and Capitalism Essay

Rerum Novarum, especially its treatment of Socialism and Capitalism - Essay Example Consequently, it gives an opinion on the protection of property owned by individuals. The church promotes certain elements of capitalism while denouncing the extremist of the same ideology. The church gives socialism some sense of accommodation, though, only to the confines of providing collective support to the people, who are disadvantaged in terms of resource acquisition. However, most of the tendencies are of socialism are not championed and agitated for by the church. While the church encourages the state protection of property, it does not comment on social aspects that are owned collectively by the Society (Novarum 7). The state is viewed only as an agent of the rich, which is a characteristic of capitalism. Socialism does not promote the essence of work and wages a system that the church vehemently talks against. Reference is given to the works of the apostle Paul, who championed the essence of the work. To this end, socialism does not give much prominence as it is done for

The Years of My Birth By Louise Erdrich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Years of My Birth By Louise Erdrich - Essay Example At that time she was too young to be even admitted to a state run institution. Tuffy and her brother referred to as the doppelganger shared a very ethereal and unique relationship. Tuffy’s birth circumstances, her deformities and the fact the she was left stranded in the nursing home was an effect of her brother’s presence. After Mrs. Lasher’s, the mother’s delivery of the twins, Tuffy never saw any of them ever again. It was only during her mid-adulthood that she chanced upon when a phone call came to her residence. Tuffy never saw her brother, her doppelganger, and was not aware of his looks, his name, his whereabouts, or any information related to his brother whatsoever. Quite frequently she used to feel the presence of a comforting soul, a sympathetic hand, and a warm presence of an invisible person around her, beside her. She used to have the same feeling when taking ling walks, as if someone was accompanying her just beyond the corner of her eye. She felt this for years, right from the time she was abandoned till her years of womanhood. While Tuffy was still a child growing up at the Wishkob household, amidst the love, care and affection of the Wishkob couple: Betty and Albert, she began to have a growing attachment towards them and their children, Sheryl and Cedric. She didn’t hold her birth mother or her bother in high regard, rather she was indifferent to their whereabouts, and didn’t want to go to them. Her relationship with her doppelganger in the beginning was quite different. She bore agony and resentment in her heart for the inhuman treatment that was metted out to her during her birth. The incident has such a deep engraving in her mind that she bore a feeling of indifference toward the Lasher family. She remembered her birth mother Nancy Lasher with a lot of pain and discontent in her heart. All her life she tried avoiding pain and the prime cause of a raw and aching nerve inside her was her own birth fam ily. Such being the case, she didn’t care and even though she worked in the reservation post office, she didn’t bother, for years, to get the address of her birth mother and contact her. It was only on the night when Tuffy (Linda Wishkob) was contacted by her birth mother, under extraordinary circumstances and quite unannounced that the trail of her life and her feelings took a turn. After Tuffy was abandoned by her parents in the local nursery and she started growing up with the Wishkobs there were times when she was taken away from Betty and Albert by welfare officers with the duty to find a better home for her. During on such incident when she was driven off to an unknown place by the visiting welfare officer, and found herself waking up in a white room, she felt the presence of someone. She felt as if someone was with her, comforting her, holding her hand, crying and grieving with her. She never had this experience before, but thereafter continued to experience it on several occasions throughout her life under varying circumstances. She had a strange and peculiar feeling in her heart as if someone was around her and was in dire need of help. It was as if a person was holding on to life and depending on Tuffy’

Identify & reviewing the company's investor relations information Essay

Identify & reviewing the company's investor relations information - Essay Example In sum, net profit declined by 3.13%. This can be attributed to a significant increase in operating expense from $46.875 in 2010 to $47.373 in 2011 while increase in sales was only moderate from $49.243 in 2010 to $49.747 in 2011. The profitability ratio of the company is not that very good. Return on assets (Net income/average total assets, 1,427.00/17,849.00) is only 7.9 %. It meant that the company use a lot of resources to yield returns. Return on equity ratio(net income/average stockholders’ equity, 1,427.00/6,602) or Equity per share (EPS) however is moderately positive with 21.6 % return to investors. But while the company is giving modest returns, its stability in terms of debt to equity (total liability/total stockholder’s equity) ratio is very disturbing. Its debt is more than 270.35% (17,849/6,602) than its equity which means that the company is heavily indebted. This is being supported by its liquidity ratio which has current ratio (Current asset/current lia bility) of .47 which means that Best Buy cannot settle its obligations right away and has to source out more than half of its obligations. The shortcoming of Best Buy is however recognized by the company and vowed to address them. In its press release, it enumerated as one of its action plans to improve business performance is its reduction in its operating cost which caused the the company’s lesser profitability. It vowed to reduced cost by $800 million dollars and along with this is the closure of 50 big box stores in 2013 to be replaced by 100 Best Buy Mobile small format stand-alone stores in fiscal 2013 (Epstein, 2012). It also plans to grow its online presence revenue by 15% recognizing the growing profitability in ecommerce. If I am an investor, I will not put my money in Best Buy because I am worried with the company’s long-term stability. It just owes a lot

The Years of My Birth By Louise Erdrich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Years of My Birth By Louise Erdrich - Essay Example At that time she was too young to be even admitted to a state run institution. Tuffy and her brother referred to as the doppelganger shared a very ethereal and unique relationship. Tuffy’s birth circumstances, her deformities and the fact the she was left stranded in the nursing home was an effect of her brother’s presence. After Mrs. Lasher’s, the mother’s delivery of the twins, Tuffy never saw any of them ever again. It was only during her mid-adulthood that she chanced upon when a phone call came to her residence. Tuffy never saw her brother, her doppelganger, and was not aware of his looks, his name, his whereabouts, or any information related to his brother whatsoever. Quite frequently she used to feel the presence of a comforting soul, a sympathetic hand, and a warm presence of an invisible person around her, beside her. She used to have the same feeling when taking ling walks, as if someone was accompanying her just beyond the corner of her eye. She felt this for years, right from the time she was abandoned till her years of womanhood. While Tuffy was still a child growing up at the Wishkob household, amidst the love, care and affection of the Wishkob couple: Betty and Albert, she began to have a growing attachment towards them and their children, Sheryl and Cedric. She didn’t hold her birth mother or her bother in high regard, rather she was indifferent to their whereabouts, and didn’t want to go to them. Her relationship with her doppelganger in the beginning was quite different. She bore agony and resentment in her heart for the inhuman treatment that was metted out to her during her birth. The incident has such a deep engraving in her mind that she bore a feeling of indifference toward the Lasher family. She remembered her birth mother Nancy Lasher with a lot of pain and discontent in her heart. All her life she tried avoiding pain and the prime cause of a raw and aching nerve inside her was her own birth fam ily. Such being the case, she didn’t care and even though she worked in the reservation post office, she didn’t bother, for years, to get the address of her birth mother and contact her. It was only on the night when Tuffy (Linda Wishkob) was contacted by her birth mother, under extraordinary circumstances and quite unannounced that the trail of her life and her feelings took a turn. After Tuffy was abandoned by her parents in the local nursery and she started growing up with the Wishkobs there were times when she was taken away from Betty and Albert by welfare officers with the duty to find a better home for her. During on such incident when she was driven off to an unknown place by the visiting welfare officer, and found herself waking up in a white room, she felt the presence of someone. She felt as if someone was with her, comforting her, holding her hand, crying and grieving with her. She never had this experience before, but thereafter continued to experience it on several occasions throughout her life under varying circumstances. She had a strange and peculiar feeling in her heart as if someone was around her and was in dire need of help. It was as if a person was holding on to life and depending on Tuffy’

The monopoly market structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The monopoly market structure - Essay Example In monopoly the output level is less and creates unemployment of the resources. The resources are not properly and efficiently utilized as compared to other market structures. In such market the price is greater than the marginal cost which becomes a burden on the consumers. The consumers are not satisfied with the production as the price is higher and the availability of the product is lower to create artificial scarcity - by this way the market can earn high profits(Gartner, 2009). Such a market structure is considered inefficient as it provides an advantage that the market is independent. It lets an authority manipulate price to increase profit whereas in perfect competition the actions of each firm is dependent and the firm cannot charge high prices because of competition. (Economics Help) The monopoly is inefficient in allocation because the price is greater than the marginal cost. By increasing the price of the product the market can earn higher profits as compared to other mar ket structures (Green region in the above graph), but by reducing the price of the product (PM to P1) the market will have to sell more quantity of the product (QM to Q1) which will be the combined loss of both the consumer and the producer surplus (Pink region in the above graph). The Average Cost (AC) curve is higher than normal which shows that monopoly is productively inefficient because monopolist does not have to face competition to reduce cost to the lowest possible level. It means that the monopoly is ineffective in the production of goods (Williamson, 2008). Monopoly markets rarely innovate as they are aware that there are no competitors in the market, and they are the sole producer of the product whereas in perfect competition the products are timely and...This essay presents modern comprehensive analysis of the disadvantages of the monopoly market structure with comparison to other types. Still, it is shown that in the paper, it is preferable to have monopoly market struc ture among gas and electric companies, water companies, local telephone companies. If the cost is very high to operate a businesses, then it is better to have one company rather than several firms because it will allow the company to lower their average costs through economies of scale; thus, the customers will get the product or service at a lower price. Monopoly market structure is considered inefficient as it provides an advantage that the market is independent. It lets an authority manipulate price to increase profit. In monopoly the output level is low and creates unemployment of the resources. The resources are not properly and efficiently utilized as compared to other market structures. The monopoly is inefficient in allocation because the price is greater than the marginal cost. This market structure gives an opportunity to create supremacy over the sector and eliminates threats from competitors as the firm established itself in the industry. With no substitutes available in the market, the sector can produce quality goods efficiently and can reduce its overall average cost because of the high fixed cost that has been incurred in order to manage such a business. The sector has complete control over the output level of the commodity, and it provides the sector with an advantage to influence the price

Why Do Most Teenagers Smoke Psychology Essay

Why Do Most Teenagers Smoke Psychology Essay Smoking is defined as the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke that inhaled contains about 4,000 chemicals, including cancer-causing nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (Martin T, 2008). Smoking is also an addictive habit that can have long negative effects on health, including mental and physical health (Nyholm C, 2009). There are many negative effects cause by smoking such as lung diseases, heart diseases, stroke and increasing blood pressure (Iannelli V, 2004). Tar is the brown, tacky material that left behind at the end of the cigarette filter. It makes a smokers teeth and fingers brown and coats everything it touches with a brownish-yellow film. Tar in the cigarette smoke paralyzes the cilia in the lungs and leads to lung diseases. For examples, emphysema, bronchitis and lung cancer (Martin 2006). Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a type of gas which is colorless, neutral and tasteless. When the level of carbon monoxide in the blood increases, it will decrease the ability to carry oxygen. It is harmful to the body at any level and it can cause death while long-term exposure at lower levels can lead to heart disease (Aiers 2007). Nicotine is an active drug which is also a stimulant that activates the brains rewards system can be found in cigarette. Nicotine induces feelings of pleasure and increases mental awareness when it reaches the brain. Nicotine also constricts blood flow to the heart, thus increasing blood pressure and heart rate (Besinger 2003). Hydrogen cyanide, a colorless, poisonous gas, is one of the toxic present in cigarette smoke. Breathing in small amounts of hydrogen cyanide may cause a person headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting while breathing in larger amounts may cause them gasping, irregular heartbeats, fainting, and rapid death (Martin 2008). There are many factors causing teenagers smoke such as peer pressure, the feel good syndrome, curiosity, and the power of role models. Usually teenagers start smoking when their best friend smokes, but this is not the only factor as parental smoking can make it seem normal to do, the media can also make it look more attractive, and sometimes teenagers have very easy access to tobacco products (Gorman 1996). Teenagers always look for approval and acceptance from their peers. Friends who smoke will always encourage them to smoke (Christensen SA, 2008). This become a strong force for teenagers start to smoke just to fit in with the crowd. Frequently they feel confident and pressured. Some teenagers believe that smoking makes them more popular, cool, attractive, sexy or strong. They just want to have a cool look when people around see them and did not think of the negative effects that will affect their health (Evans 2008). 2.2 Feel good syndrome Smoking is a way to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions such as sadness, distress, and worry. It can hide apprehensions, fears, and pain. This is accomplished moderately through the chemical effects of nicotine on the brain.  Nicotine is one of the main ingredients in cigarettes which are poison and as addictive as heroin and cocaine (Stevenson J, 2008).When smoking, the release of brain chemicals makes smokers feel like coping and dealing with life and stressful emotional situations. Nicotine in the cigarette will increase the level of good feeling (Dr. Annette 2009). 2.3 Curiosity Cigarettes are available everywhere and almost anybody can get them. Wanted to know how smoke a cigarette feels like is always stated as a reason for teenagers to try to smoke a cigarette. People always feel curios and wanted to try something new in their life at teen age. Because of the availability of getting a cigarette is easy and the curiosity of teenagers, therefore it increase the number of teenagers who smoke (Evans 2008). 2.4 The power of role models Teens are most influenced by other friends close in age or slightly older, including siblings. Many of them smoke because their parents are smokers (Christensen SA, 2008). Therefore, a person whose best friends or older siblings smoke is much more likely to try smoking. In some cases, this is because the person looks up to his friends or family members and wants to be like them. Some of them think that doing the same thing only they can join in with the people around them although they know is not good for health (Evans 2008). 2 2.5 Media Portrayals of smoking in the media are nearly all attractive. Many of the teenagers admire the actors will follow what the actors do by watching those movie or drama. They do not think of the negative effect of smoking on their health but just want to be like the actors. They also do not think carefully whether the action did in the drama or movie is good or bad but just do it. Besides that, smoking also appears in music videos. Cigars are mainly seen as a symbol that goes with living the high life (Harsanyi 2007). 2.6 Help losing weight For some, teenager thought smoking can help them to lose their weight. They will use being overweight as an excuse to smoke (Spitzer J, 2003). Instead of eating, many teenagers especially girls will choose to smoke a cigarette. This keeps their minds off from food. Some of the teenagers think that smoking can help them achieve the look they want. They learn about this weight control methods mostly from their friends, so they start skipping meals and use cigarettes to replace the meal. Smoking does kill craving for food, but it does not help to lose weight as many as they think (Hutton 1996). Methods to prevent smoking There are many methods to prevent teenagers smoke so that they will have a healthy life and prevent from getting some disease. Everyone should know the method and prevent the people around them smoke so that it would not affect their health. By prevent from smoking, people would have a longer lifespan and can live happily because of having a healthy life. 3.1 Governments role Country should make more efforts to prevent teenagers smoke. More information about the effect of smoking should show by public service announcements. For example, show some pictures that how the smokers lungs look like. The country should also enforce the rules so that teenagers could not smoke under age. Besides, the sale of cigarettes in the country also should decrease (Abel 2009).It is also necessary to have anti-smoking campaign especially for teenagers at school and public areas. Teen anti-smoking campaign will definitely be helpful. Professional doctors should be volunteers to talk about the negative effect of smoking during the anti-smoking campaign to the teenagers. Examples of the campaign are Taknak!!, Fight smoking and A Powerful Tool for Health Promotion (Siegel M, 1998). Those anti tobacco campaigns will motivate the youth to know the negative effects of smoking cigarettes on health, economy and mentality and benefits of quitting smoking. It may also motivate teenagers to stay away from smoking (Jacoby p.A19). In addition, anti smoking slogans are also used to influence those smokers to quit or prevent teenagers from smoking. There are many slogans use to prevent teenagers from smoking such as Too much smoke will leave you broke, If you cant stop smoking, cancer will, There are cooler ways to die than smoking and You smoke, you die early, you save the government money (Bose D, 2009). 3 3.2 Parents role Parents should give more information about the negative effect of smoking to their children since they are still young and small. Almost all the first time smoking happens before high school graduation. If teenager has not started smoking before he or she graduates, chances are he or she never will. That is good news because parents still have the time to influence their choices of not trying smoking (Witmer 2006). Parents also should set a good example to their children by not smoking. If parents smoke and do not want to influence their children, the only way to prevent their children from smoking is avoid smoking in front of them and do not smoke at the place where their children can see such as in the house or car (Mayo 2010). 3.4. Teachers role Teachers also play an important role in preventing teenagers smoke. As a teacher, the way to prevent student smoke at teen age are care teenagers more and give them more teaching on the effect of smoking. Besides, teacher also should observe the students and stop them from smoking if found out that they had started to smoke. More moral and religion teaching should be given to the students in the school so that students can prevent themselves from start smoking. The school should have more healthy activities so that student will have more time to participate in good activities (Carney S, 2007). 3.5 Develop self respect and confidence There are many reasons that why teenagers smoke and one of the reason is because of peer pressure. Most of them think that it is a way to look cool and be a part of the crowd. They have to instill enough self respect, esteem and confidence so that they do not feel the need for external approval. People around should help teenagers build up their friendships, shape a healthy body image and deal with stress, without thinking about tobacco use. By helping teenagers and let them have enough confidence to themselves, they would not think of changing themselves by smoking and thus, they can prevent from smoking (Worth 1999). Conclusion In conclusion, there are many factors causing teenagers smoke such as pressure, the feel good syndrome, curiosity, the power of role models, media effect and help losing weight. Having campaign, parents role, national efforts, teachers role and develop self respect and confidence are important in this case so that it can prevent teenagers to smoke. Smoking is not good for health and there are many negative effect of smoking. Therefore, teenager should avoid smoking and take care of their health. (1864words) 4